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本文对电子商务、贸易中介与国际贸易三者间的相互关系进行了梳理,所涉及的文献研究表明,电子商务时代,贸易中介在国际贸易中扮演的角色逐渐发生变化,中介的商品转卖和信息匹配功能优势逐渐丧失,而规模经济、范围经济、降低产品不确定性、资源整合等功能日益突出。电子商务的出现使得贸易中介不仅没有消失,而且呈现新的演化特征。由于电子商务的重要性,需要在现有新新贸易理论和贸易中介理论中引入这一因素,进一步从理论和经验两方面研究电子商务背景下新型贸易中介的功能及其对国际贸易发展的作用。
Abstract：This paper conducts a survey on the research of the relationship among the E-Commerce,trade intermediary and international trade. The analysis based on these literatures indicates that the role and characteristics of trade intermediary are evolving in the era of E- Commerce. Its resale and information matching function is losing its advantage,while the intermediary's role on the economies of scope and economies of scale become increasingly prominent. Instead of disappearing,intermediary presents new characters,and also its resource integration capability is becoming more and more apparent. Given the importance of E-Commerce,it should be integrated into the New-new Trade Theory and Trade Intermediary Theory,allowing for a further theoretical and empirical analysis of the function of newly developed trade intermediary with E-Commerce.
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①中国1990年代外贸体制改革的一个重点就是进出口经营权下放,大量贸易中介的产生为推动中国上世纪90年代以来的对外贸易发展发挥了重要作用。而很多贸易便利化的改革也和“如何贸易”问题息息相关。
②电子商务的发展,首先降低了企业交易伙伴搜寻、进行谈判、处理订单、讨价还价、网上支付等交易成本,提高了交易的匹配效率和组织生产效率,从而增强了企业的国际竞争力;其次,随着交易成本的下降,企业边界发生变化,进一步改变了生产组织方式,使得生产全球化成为可能;最后电子商务还改变商业运行中的大部分环节,突破了传统的单项物流为主的运作格局,实现网上“货物流、信息流、资金流”三流一体,对传统的贸易方式有很大的冲击。
③李宏兵(2012)对异质性企业与贸易中介理论的研究新进展进行了梳理,基于异质性和企业内生边界视角,解释了中介技术和不完全合约对企业直接出口和通过中介间接出口等等不同出口决策方式策及福利效应。而本文不仅解释了贸易中介的功能以及经济学意义,还从国家、企业以及产品特征的角度分析了贸易中介对国际贸易以及企业出口模式的影响,更为重要的是本文还重点考察了电子商务背景下贸易中介扮演的功能及其变化。
④他们将贸易成本广泛地定义为一个产品从生产者到最终消费者的所有费用,具体包括运输费(货物运输实际费用及时间的成本)、政策壁垒(关税壁垒与非关税壁垒)、信息搜寻费用、合约签订与执行费用、货币兑换费、法律监管费以及产品分销费用。贸易成本的计算都是基于生产费用的加成。
⑤Rauch and Watson(2004)在一般均衡模型中考察了社会网络在国际贸易中的重要作用。很多经验研究表明华人网络以及商团对国际贸易也有重要影响(Casella and Rauch,2002;Rauch and Trindade,2002;Combes et al.,2005;Krautheim,2012)。
⑥Ahn et al(2011)分析得出的是中介出口更多产品到更多的国家。可能的原因是两者用的数据不同,对于中介范围的定义不同。Ahnetal(2011)是利用中国海关数据企业名称特点对企业进行分类的;而Bernard是用意大利统计局数据,根据企业主营业务分类将企业分为:制造商、批发商、零售商以及其他。
⑦如产品市场适应、信息交流、推广计划、配销支持、分销效率、价格竞争等。
⑧“去中介化”的支持者们将中介定义为是从买者手中买到商品后转卖给消费者的中间商,他们的存在就是为了降低交易成本,而电子商务的出现可以替代中间商的功能。“去中介化”的反对者们则认为中介不仅降低交易成本,同时还具有提供产品质量保证、信息的匹配以及信息中介等功能。
⑨电子造市商在互联网上建立公共交易平台,为交易双方提供交易场所、交易规则和支持交易的网络设备,并通过这一平台将卖方及销售信息、买方及购买信息汇集在一起,直接进行产品搜索和交易。主要形式有B2B,B2C,C2C等,这些都属于电子商务中介,目前在中国B2B占绝对的领导地位。B2B又分为两大类:一类是企业自建的B2B电商商务平台,分为买方和卖方市场模式,如海尔、联想等;另一类是第三方电商平台,又可以简单地分为水平型(阿里巴巴、慧聪网、环球资源网等)和垂直型(中国化工网、中国医药网、中国纺织网等)。
⑩Malone等(1987)研究认为:由于电子虚拟市场的形成使得买卖双方的交易费用降低将导致企业降低垂直一体化程度而更多地依赖市场,企业将趋于小型化和专业化。而Harasim等(1993)的观点相反,他们认为信息技术的发展可以使得企业避开中间商(包括电子虚拟市场),企业会从总体的效率和成本的角度考虑,选择扩大自己的规模和内部化市场的外部性,中间商市场将会萎缩。
根据中国跨境电商中介企业在跨境商品交易流通环节中所处的地位和作用的不同,以及商业模式的不同,可以将中国跨境电商运营模式划分为传统大宗交易平台模式(阿里巴巴国际市场、环球资源、中国制造网、环球市场集团等)、综合门户类跨境小额批发零售平台模式(阿里速卖通、敦煌网、易唐网)、垂直类跨境小额批发零售平台模式(兰亭集势、米兰网、帝科思、Chinavasion)以及专业第三方服务平台(代运营)模式(四海商舟、递四方)四种不同类型(来自艾瑞网调研报告),根据Spulber(1996)对中介的定义,这四个平台模式都是电子商务背景下新型的国际贸易中介。
基本信息:
DOI：10.14167/j.zjss.2014.07.032
中图分类号:F724.6;F752
引用信息:
[1]茹玉骢,李燕.电子商务、贸易中介与国际贸易发展:一个文献综述[J].浙江社会科学,2014,No.215(07):54-62+157.DOI:10.14167/j.zjss.2014.07.032.
基金信息:
国家社科基金一般项目12BJL018资助;; 之江青年社科学者课题G134资助;; 浙江财经大学校级课题2013YJS060的资助
2014-07-15
2014-07-15